Offshore wind power is a new energy system that harnesses offshore wind resources to generate electricity and connects to the onshore grid via submarine cables. Compared to onshore wind power, it has the following characteristics:
● More stable wind resources
● Larger single-unit capacity
●Higher construction costs ⑤
● Systems engineering is more complex.
Offshore wind power is a typical “equipment-intensive + systems-engineering” industry.
The complete offshore wind power system consists of five major components:
Wind turbine unit → Collector system → Offshore booster substation → Submarine export cable → Onshore substation
Also included:
● Infrastructure
● Install the device
● Operations and Maintenance System
●Marine vessels
1. Main components of a wind turbine
Offshore wind turbine units consist of the following equipment:
(1) Leaf System
● Length: 90–120 m
● Materials: Glass fiber / Carbon fiber
●Function: Capturing wind energy
(2) Cabin System
The cabin interior includes:
●Spindle
● Gearbox (or direct drive)
●Generator
● Cooling system
●Lubrication system
●Control system
(3)Generator type
:
●Permanent magnet direct drive
● Doubly-fed asynchronous
●Medium-speed permanent magnet
(4) Yaw system
Function:
● Adjust the fan’s wind-facing direction
(5) Pitch control system
Function:
● Control blade angle
● Adjust power output
Suitable for shallow-water areas (water depth < 60m)
Main types:
Monopile foundation (Monopile)
Features:
● Widely used (about 70%)
●Simple construction
●Lower cost
Jacket foundation
Features:
● Suitable for medium water depths
●Structurally stable
Gravity foundation
Features:
● No piling required
● Suitable for rocky seabeds
1. Floating foundation (deep and distant waters)
Suitable for water depths > 60m
Main types:
● Semi-submersible platform
●Single-column (Spar)
●Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
Function:
● Support the cabin
● Increase the height of the wind turbine rotor
Features:
● Height: 80-150m
● Segmented manufacturing
● Offshore assembly
Materials:
● High-strength steel plate
VI. Offshore Substation :
Collect electrical energy
Step-up and transmit
Control the wind farm
Main Equipment:
Main transformer
GIS switchgear
Reactive power compensation device
Control system
Diesel emergency generator
Helicopter platform
1. Array cable
Connect the wind turbine to the offshore booster station.
Voltage level:
● 33 kV
● 66 kV (mainstream trend)
1. Send out the cable
Connecting the offshore booster station to land. Type:
● HVAC exchange
● HVDC (long-distance)
HVAC AC System
Applicable:
● Distance < 80 km
Advantages:
●Technologically mature
●Lower cost
HVDC DC system
Applicable:
● Distance > 80 km
●Large-capacity wind farm
Composition:
●Offshore converter station
●Submarine DC cable
●Land-based converter station
Function:
● Fan monitoring
● Power generation optimization
●Fault alarm
●Remote control
Monitoring content:
●Vibration monitoring
● Temperature monitoring
●Wind speed and direction
● Leaf condition
Offshore wind power construction requires large-scale marine engineering equipment:
Preliminary preparation
Seabed exploration vessel, dredgers
Wind turbine installation vessel
● Jack-up installation vessel
Pile-driving vessel
● Install single-pile foundation
Submarine cable laying vessel
●Laying submarine cables
Large crane vessel
● Lifting the nacelle and blades
Offshore wind power operation and maintenance cycle:
20-25 years
O&M equipment includes:
Operations and Maintenance Vessel
● Crew Transfer Vessel (CTV)
●Service Operation Vessel (SOV)
●Support vessel
Operations and Maintenance Tools
● Drone inspection
●Underwater robot ROV
● Online monitoring system
Offshore wind power also includes:
●Navigation warning light
●Lightning protection system
● Cathodic protection system
●Maritime communication system
● Meteorological measurement tower
●Anti-corrosion system
Upstream:
●Steel
●Composite materials
●Electrical equipment
Midstream:
● Fan manufacturing
●Basic manufacturing
●Submarine cable manufacturing
Downstream:
● EPC construction
● Operations and Maintenance Services
●Grid connection
In the context of marine propulsion, demand related to offshore wind power includes:
O&M vessel propulsion system
●Host
●Generator set
Install the ship's propulsion system
● DP dynamic positioning vessel
● High-power diesel engine
Offshore Substation Backup Power Supply
● Emergency diesel generator set
Submarine cable laying vessel
●Generator set
●Propulsion system
Offshore wind power is a typical “systems engineering” industry, primarily consisting of:
1. Wind turbine unit
2. Infrastructure
3. Offshore Boosting Station
4. Submarine Cable System
5. Install and operate equipment
Five core pieces of equipment make up the set.
As deep-sea development progresses, future demand will focus on:
●Large-megawatt wind turbine
●Floating foundation
● HVDC transmission
●Dedicated operations and maintenance vessel
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